What is the significance of the periodic table's arrangement and how do the properties of elements change across periods and down groups?

The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number, reflecting periodic trends in element properties. Across periods, elements transition from metallic to non-metallic, with increasing electronegativity and ionization energy. Down groups, elements exhibit increasing atomic size, decreasing ionization energy, and consistent valence electron configurations, leading to similar chemical reactivity within a group.

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