What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds, and how do their properties affect their characteristics and applications?

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, are soluble in water, and conduct electricity when dissolved. Covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points, are generally insoluble in water, and do not conduct electricity. These properties influence their applications, with ionic compounds used in batteries and electrolytes, and covalent compounds used in organic chemistry and pharmaceuticals.

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