What are the physiological mechanisms behind the modulation of heart rate variability through the autonomic nervous system?

Heart rate variability (HRV) is modulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) through the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate via norepinephrine release, while the parasympathetic system decreases heart rate through acetylcholine release. This dynamic interplay regulates HRV, reflecting the body’s adaptability to stress and physiological demands.

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