How do scientists determine the age of the universe using cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion rate of the universe?

Scientists determine the age of the universe by analyzing the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which provides a snapshot of the early universe. By measuring the expansion rate of the universe, known as the Hubble constant, and combining it with data from the CMB, scientists can calculate the time elapsed since the Big Bang, estimating the universe’s age to be approximately 13.8 billion years.

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