Can you explain the detailed working principle and equations behind Albert Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc^2 and its implications in modern physics?

Albert Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc^2, states that energy (E) is equal to mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light (c) squared. This principle shows that mass can be converted into energy and vice versa, fundamentally linking matter and energy. Its implications are profound in nuclear physics, particle physics, and cosmology, explaining phenomena such as nuclear reactions, particle-antiparticle annihilation, and the energy output of stars.

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